The Negative Human Effects On Marine Resources Environmental Sciences Essay Example For Students

The Negative Human Effects On Marine Resources Environmental Sciences Essay What negative impacts do human exercises have on Marine and Coastal assets from Addington Beach to Aliwal Shoal? The coastline of South Africa extends for 3000km of which 80 % comprises of straw colored sea shores sponsored by low sand hills. The focussed nations of Addington Beach through to Aliwal Shoal, which contain assorted variety of fish and different species ( including monsters, ocean flying creatures and fishes ) , give opportunities to financial and cultural exercises including advancement possibilities, angling, agribusiness and redirection. These assets are of import as they make up a rich in addition to toward the Southern Coastal nations of South Africa. Be that as it may, Marine and Coastal assets, for example, these nations up and down the South African beach are being influenced adversely because of main impetuses to a great extent brought about by grouped human exercises. Weights affecting these assets incorporate populace developing and beach front human settlements, radiations to the ocean by moving and sewerage and the separating of characteristic assets, for example, angl ing or ocean bed removal. We will compose a custom exposition on The Negative Human Effects On Marine Resources Environmental Sciences explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now General power per unit regions and impacts of human impacts: Populace developing is the greatest drive power for natural modifications of Marine and seaside assets in South Africa. The expanding populace is unequivocally subject to creation exercises to build administration and manufacture ventures and in this way is logically reliant on ports, for example, Durban Harbor for the import and fare of stocks. Requests for supplement, preoccupation and land for housing all expansion the power per unit regions on the beach front assets. Statisticss region that 30 % of the South African populace lives along the coastline because of movement of those looking for occupations, individuals resigning and those looking for an existence of better quality. In light of this expansion of reliance the waterfront metropoliss have grown rapidly and are as an outcome holding negative effects on the Marine and beach front assets. Irreversible changes are going on because of these impacts, for example, abuse of assets, destruction of common home grounds and an expan sion of squanders and contamination which mess and slaughter creatures and lead to H2O quality impedance. Populace GROWTH GRAPH/TABLE. Outflows to the ocean by sewerage and transportation are other than a tremendous reason for the negative impacts of Marine and beach front assets. Day by day modern wastewaters and sewerage are discharged into the ocean through release grapevines close to Durban Harbor and by sewerage pipes isolated the south coastline. These transmissions are non just hurtful to human health however adjacent to have a destroying result on H2O quality and may dirty numerous creatures. FIGURE 4.8 ( outflowing grapevines off the South African beach after Cloete 1979 ) Transportation is other than a genuine endorser of the debasing of Marine and seaside assets. South Africa is arranged on one of the greatest boat transport ways of the universe and Durban Harbor is one of only a handful scarcely any ports much of the time halted at. Due to suffer and ocean conditions and the postponement to be moored in the port, significant Marine contamination occurrences accept topographic point as oil slicks and waste dumping takes topographic point. Waters are in this way dirtied and these squanders and contaminations are moved along the south beach, by the Aguhlus ebb and flow, and taint and annihilate assets along the coastlines of South Africa. The extricating of regular assets, for example, calculating too much influences the Marine and waterfront assets. Both business and recreational angling are essential financial exercises which together can deliver in excess of 158 000 individuals and R3 billion yearly ( CMPP, 2005 ) . The improvement of calculating techniques results in a more noteworthy figure and combination of fish being gotten and as an impact of this, fish stocks are decreasing in size and a few animal categories are defying conceivable elimination. Other human recreational exercises, other than angling, that may adversely affect Marine and seaside assets incorporate scuba plunging or sailing. .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .postImageUrl , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:hover , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:visited , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:active { border:0!important; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:active , .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a0039 0c564e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u03d71623049c00ccc1585a00390c564e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Peer Pressure EssayTable OF DATA FOR FISH NUMBERS: Durban Harbor and Addington Beach: Picture OF POLLUTION IN DURBAN Harbor: Both the Durban Harbor and Addington Beach are sound delineations of waterfront nations that have been urbanized and as an outcome are dirtied and contrarily affected by human movement. Transportation and the squanders discharged by the mechanical organizations in the Durban harbor nation are a huge expense to the Marine and waterfront assets in the nation. Fish and other enliven creatures are being slaughtered or holding their home grounds influenced or obliterated and the general H2O contamination in the nation has expanded radically in the course of the last hardly any mature ages and as an outcome the H2O quality has immediately diminished. FIGURE 4.10 ( Isogram imagining arrangement of the surf-zone at 28 difficult Stationss ) The seaport contamination brought about by oil and compound spills, natural waste dumping and general ends by the boats mooring at the seaport or holding up out adrift to be moored in port. This contamination be the seaport is affecting the assets of environing sea shores each piece great, for example, North Beach, South Beach, Bay of Plenty and Addington Beach who as a result of the contamination have each lost their Blue Flag position subsequent to disregarding H2O quality preliminaries. These losingss of our Blue Flag position has other than effectsly affected the touristry business however most fundamentally fortifies the way that the H2O quality and contamination is at an unsatisfactory degree and the encompassing litter and obliteration of the beaches have too much become an area of calamity. Reports going generally tainted H2O fluxing into the Durban Harbor by means of the Umhlatuzana River for times of nine months have other than surfaced in late mature ages. Illicit releases of squanders and sewerage are being overflowed into the Durban nations and are exorbitantly fouling the H2O harshly and destructing species and home grounds and are decreasing fish stocks. ( Raven, 2008 ) . An incredible worry about these contaminations and squanders come ining the ocean close to the Durban seaport and different nations is that these squanders are being shipped up and down the beach of South Africa through the Aguhlus ebb and flow directly down to nations, for example, Aliwal Shoal. Aliwal Shoal is non just a nation being influenced by squanders from human urbanization yet adjacent to by recreational exercises and touristry locales. Picture OF ALGUHLAS CURRENT Aliwal Shoal: Graph OF ALIWAL SHOAL: Aliwal Shoal is 50km South of Durban, was shaped by a sand rise around 80 000 mature ages prior and is the spot of a wide range of types of fish and other marine creatures, for example, ocean polo-necks, kyphosis mammoths, mahimahis and the tiger shark. As of late there has been a troublesome clash to proceed Aliwal Shoal and many have taken a base to battle for the assurance of the nation and marine life from contamination and tourers. Because of the examination that was begun once again 10 mature ages back by the Natal Sharks Board, the piece of Aliwal Shoal has been compromised by ecological contamination. Jumpers would portray on the conduct of sand tiger sharks at month to month gatherings subsequent to distinguishing them during honkytonks and roll uping informations. During the early mature ages of examination obliteration of Aliwal Shoal turned into a major worry as the Saiccor cellulose works, being dumped into the sea at Umkomaas, was untreated and was fouli

Midnights Children Essay Example For Students

Midnights Children Essay Salman Rushdies epic Midnights Children utilizes procedures which participate in an investigation of History, Nationalism and Hybridity. This exposition will look at three entries from the novel which show these issues. Besides, it will investigate why every entry is a decent exhibit of these issues, how these issues apply to India in the novel, and how the novel studies these ideas. The entry from pages 37-38 adequately exhibits the idea of history, as it closer views components critical to this issue. Rushdie, challenges the customary methods of history through his self intelligent story structure. The section is a decent exhibition of its point as it delineates the issues of re-composing history. His method of composing endeavors to urge the peruser to rethink the legitimate translation of his history. Saleem composes please accept that I am self-destructing ,as he starts to break like an old container, delineating a feeling of discontinuity of his story. This equals the story structure of the novel as being round, irregular and digressive. This fracture appropriates the idea of history, which was created by colonizers. History works for a specific class of philosophy, and in this way it will be sullied, diagonal and emotional. The fictionality of history is grounded in the basic supposition that life is formed like a story. For Saleem, who is rocked by an exc ess of history, it is his memory which makes his own history. Memory, just as natural product, is being spared from the debasement of the tickers. This reflects back to ideas of time and spot. However, for Rushdie, it did not depend on the general void time that has been conceptualized by the colonizers. Ideas of reality are coordinated into his own history. The epic investigates ideas of history by testing customary shows. Rushdie utilizes inconsistent occasions to sabotage official thoughts of history. For instance, in his portrayal of the Amrister Massacre he depicts the soldiers that fire on the group as being white, when they were definitely not. He does this maybe to show how much history depends on understanding and belief system. It additionally outlines how reality (recorded as history), neglects to consider various ideas of existence. For instance, in the section on page 37, Saleem makes reference to the round of hit - the-spittoon, wherein Nadir Khan gained from the elder ly people men in Agra. For Saleem, this is history, and despite the fact that it is only an account of his, it currently has been archived and becomes history. This delineates the issues looked by post-pilgrim journalists in re-composing history. They become underestimated , as history depended on open occasions. However, Midnights Children draws on numerous verifiable occasions, which equal that to Indias. Saleem Sinai furnishes us with an elective rendition of Indias current history from his perspective. For instance, he was conceived on August 15 1947, on the stroke of 12 PM, at the exact moment of Indias Independence. The hour of birth matters since it has made him bafflingly cuffed to history. It is apparent that the idea of history runs all through the novel. Midnights Children offers an elective history of India. The section specifying Methwolds Estate on page 92 shows the issue of patriotism. It investigates the verifiable, and national clarification of the establishing of Bombay, a fantasy of British Bombay braced, protecting Indias west against any and all individuals, which saw Methwolds vision a bit nearer to the real world. This section shows the exchange of national resources for the elites. It is a great model of the exchange of a country from colonizers which attempts to control a country. .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .postImageUrl , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:hover , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:visited , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:active { border:0!important; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:active , .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a 128b8 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .udda6cac070ee3424403e462fb1a128b8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Business Ethics EssayThis entry closer views the topic of making a national character out of the heritage of a realm. However it is very unexpected as this exchange doesnt truly adjust the prevailing indigenous structures. Saleem depicts an India that is evolving them, adjusting to commending the mixed drink hour, and enjoying their nurseries. It shows up, that Rushdie is remarking on the validness of this craving to make a bound together state. They have been burglarized of their characters and made to change and live in an envisioned bound together network. The epic evaluates ideas of patriotism by testing the heritage of the realm. For instance, on page 189, Saleem says however the limits of these states were not shaped by streams or mountainsLanguage isolated us. It becomes evident that the capacity of Indian patriotism was to join a mutual motivation behind political future and social character. However in both Saleem and Rushdies eyes, they were partitioned by language. Rushdie studies and places accentuation on the heterogenia of the individuals and remarks on the possibility that the country is a manufacture that attempts to arrange them. Their personality appeared to be joined rather by a mass of words. Rushdie additionally studies the idea of Print Capitalism, where printed matter attempts to bind together a gathering of individuals through the language. Books and Newspapers assisted with normalizing language, proffering a feeling of a (nonexistent) homogeneous network that was a country. Rushdie challenges this in the configura tion of Midnights Children, which is organized in three volume type of the exemplary nineteenth pragmatist content, featuring his consciousness of his scholarly forerunners. Hybridity is a significant social idea which works through Midnights Children. Saleem is a definitive half breed, having numerous proxy guardians, his organic dad is a withdrawing pioneer. The section on page 211 plainly shows Saleems cross breed personality. He relates hybridity to history by involving the hetreogeneity of memory. Memorys truth since memory has its own exceptional kind . For Saleem, his memory gives a hunt to reality, instead of numerous certainties. Saleem joins his cross breed history to chutney which represents the indication of a blended character. Green chutney on bean stew pakoras , this symbolism of chutney runs all through the novel and help Saleems story. He later, utilizes this picture to summarize his hybridize culture, which matches the chutnification of history and pickling of time. Rushdie remarks on the colonized mirroring the colonizer. Two chronicles have developed together, which is loaded up with sullying as mimicry turns into an issue as it disturbs the force. This reflects, what Rushdie calls like chutney, a blend of history, and patriotism that become so thick and enmeshed that they change to make another culture. Rushdie successfully handles issues of post-pilgrim investigations of history, patriotism and hybridity, and Midnights Children outlines and difficulties these ideas.

Disagree Essay

TOEFL Writing Sample TOEFL Agree/Disagree Essay The QuestionDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? The knowledge we gain from personal experiences is more valuable than the knowledge we gain from books. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Do not use memorized examples.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample Essay Nowadays, there are many ways for people to learn about the world. In my opinion, the knowledge which we gain from our personal experiences is more important than that which we gain from printed sources. I feel this way for two main reasons, which I will explore in the following essay. First of all, books are not always accurate and often contradict what we can find in the real world. This is a result of the fact that books are often written by unqualif ied authors, but also because even respected and trained academics are subject to their own biases and personal shortcomings. Even if a diligent professor writes a book with the best of intentions and tries to avoid factual errors, his research might be faulty as a result of major shifts in world affairs. My own experience visiting the Republic of Sokovia several years ago is a good example of this. Before I took my trip, I read a great number of textbooks, articles and guide books about the region. All of these informed me that Sokovia was a very conservative place, and suggested that the people there might be unwelcoming. However, when I actually arrived, I encountered a very welcoming, progressive culture. Through the books I consulted were only a few years old, they were wholly out of date and did not match my personal experience. This example demonstrates some of the problems with depending too much on books for our knowledge. Secondly, the knowledge which we gain from personal experiences stays with us longer than that which we gain from reading. Books are often put away and forgotten about shortly after we read them. For example, I was a university student for four years and I read hundreds of books during that time. However, it is now a decade since my graduation and I can only remember just a few of those books. The rest of them all blend together and the knowledge I gained at the time is lost to me now. In contrast, I still have very vivid memories of the aforementioned trip to Europe. What I learned there about culture, people and society is burned into my memory and I will never forget it. This is because I had a personal connection to my trip, while I had only a temporary academic connection to my university studies. In conclusion, I strongly believe that knowledge gained from experiences is more important than knowledge gained from reading books. This is because books are sometimes inaccurate, and because our personal memories stay with us longe r than the facts we read about in print.

Melvilles Character Analysis - 1205 Words

Beyond the Middle Ages, several influential Renaissance authors find their way into Melville’s body of works. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet plays a strong role in the character development seen in Pierre: Pierre, like Romeo, acts rather zealously. The circumstances surrounding the killing of Glen Stanly strongly resemble Romeo’s murder of Tybalt. Melville foreshadows these parallels early in the book when Pierre’s mother calls him â€Å"a Romeo,† which he finds preposterous (Bell 744). In addition to Shakespeare, Herman Melville imbeds many references to the works of John Milton. Similar to Milton’s characters in Paradise Lost, Melville incorporates the motif of angels and devils in two of his early novels, Mardi and Pierre.†¦show more content†¦However, most of which allude to certain people and events rather than directly quoted chapters and verses (Wright 185-6). One concern that Melville emphasizes through Biblica l references is the eternal struggle between good and evil. Similar to the New Testament, one theme of his novella Billy Budd is crucifixion. The conflict of good versus evil, where the Cross triumphs over sin, is seen here through Claggart and Budd. Claggart symbolizes evil, while Budd exhibits a god-like innocence. Like Jesus’ time in the desert, Budd faces a harsh temptation from Claggart when asked to join a mutiny (Wright 193). Melville carefully selects a few distinct portions of his predecessor’s writing to incorporate into his stories because of their figurative meaning beyond the literal text. A style that critics have noticed in Melville’s publications is his chaotic wording and sentence structure: with phrases such as â€Å"Ourselves is Fate,† (Melville qtd. in Kearns 50) the reader begins to clearly see Melville’s chaotic style of writing. This is his use of strings of words as complete sentences that often have errors in semantics and syntax. These mistakes are deliberate, usually for rhetorical value (Kearns 50). An example of which can be seen in the following quote: â€Å"Though in many of its aspects this visible world seems formed in love, the invisible spheres were formed in fright.† (Melville qtd. in Kearns 51). A contrast isShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Fedallah In Melvilles Moby Dick1315 Words   |  6 PagesFedallah is one of the most important characters in Melville’s Moby-Dick. Ahab’s characteristics that create his moral tragedy are represented by different characters in the novel. In Fedallahâ€℠¢s case, he represents the pure, demonic evil that exists in Ahab. At times he seems to be supernatural and a literal extension of Ahab’s innermost being. In Chapter 73, while observing the right whales head, Fedallah’s shadow seems to blend in with Ahab’s, as if they are a single being (Melville 261). 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Other analysis of the story discussed that there is an â€Å"emotional connectionRead MoreReview Of Moby Dick 1071 Words   |  5 Pagesshabby part of a whaling voyage...yet, now that I recall all of the circumstances, I think I can see a little into the springs and motives which...induced me to set about performing the part I did† (Melville 7). Analysis (steps two and three): The author introduces the fates as characters here. By indicating that the fates have arranged this play, Melville suggests that Ishmael may have little control or influence over how events in the novel will unfold. He alludes to the idea of fate to show his

What Are The Potential Impacts On Business Or Hr Practices...

3. What are the potential impacts on business or HR practices of current issues such as social networking, talent management, diversity, and employee engagement? Personal growth is a question that often goes unanswered, although the enormous impact it has on HR practice and relationships in the workplace. In fact, it is precisely why Maxwell (2013), said that this is the one major area that is constantly tested and needs to be improved. My organization understands the importance of change as it relates to employee engagement; for instance, it benefits them through high efficiency and increased productivity. These characteristics are greatly appreciated because it is the practice of, systemic change in beliefs, attitudes, and values of every individual in our company (Azmi, 2011). These features of diversity; for example, enables my organization to better respond and adapt to industry/market changes and technological advances. Moreover, Maxwell (2013) said it creates a continuous cycle of improvement whereby strategies are planned, implemented, evaluated, improved and monitored. This proactive approach helps to embrace change internally and e xternally while influencing it with a forward movement. Some important factors in regards to social networking within organizations are; it increases communication, feedback, and interaction. The improvement of communication, for example, helps to align all employees with shared company goals and values. It also leads to increasedShow MoreRelatedHow Social Networking Is Changing Hr Practices2067 Words   |  9 PagesMeadhbh Teegan Long 102088584 Word count: 2048 How Social Networking is changing HR practices. It is fairly safe to say that the internet has changed the way we operate our personal and business lives. The more current issue is that social media has changed the way we organise our social and professional calendars and the way in which we correspond with others, both business and non-business. The continuing growth of social networks such as MySpace, LinkedIn, Facebook etc. has significantRead MoreGlobal Organization Recruitment And Selection1945 Words   |  8 PagesRECRUITMENT AND SELECTION Global Organization Recruitment and Selection: Using Social Media and Understanding Customs to Attract Top Talent Nell Reed West Texas AM University â€Æ' Global Organization Recruitment and Selection: Using Social Media and Understanding Customs to Attract Top Talent Due to advancements in technology and emerging economies, employers have the ability to conduct business throughout the world. For some companies this also involves having operations in moreRead MoreOpportunities and Challenges of Social Media in Human Resource Management3320 Words   |  14 PagesChallenges of Social Media in Human Resource Management Ahmed AL-Riyami Webster University HRMG 5000 STUDENT #4045582 CELL # 314-546-9979 ABSTRACT This paper covers numerous opportunities and challenges that human resource management could experience while engaging into social media in the workplace. A number of opportunities that could benefit the organization in using social media are enhancement in the HR recruiting process, communication and productivity of company. Also, social media canRead MoreInternational Hr Best Practice Tips38524 Words   |  155 PagesInternational HR Best Practice Tips: Spring 2010 Dee Birschel. Benefits Quarterly. Brookfield: Third Quarter 2010. Vol. 26, Iss. 3; pg. 61, 1 pgs Copyright International Society of Certified Employee Benefit Specialists Third Quarter 2010 Global companies must always attend to local jurisdictional laws and regulations. HR should initiate charitable activities to benefit regions hit by major disasters only after checking local laws about payroll deductions, tax deductions, consent rules and consultationRead MoreDesigning A New On Boarding Development Programme3039 Words   |  13 Pagesthis I will seek to identify key theories and models of practice which influence Human Resource Development (HRD) and can be both considered and used in the design of an on-boarding programme. Defining HRD: For the purpose of this paper I feel it is important to try to define HRD. HRD has a varied definition and has been discussed by both theorists and practitioners for some time, as a result there are many different interpretations of what it means or is. Perhaps a good definition is that HRD seeksRead MoreThe Importance Of A New On Boarding Development Programme3876 Words   |  16 Pagesthis I will seek to identify key theories and models of practice which influence Human Resource Development (HRD) and can be both considered and used in the design of an on-boarding programme. For the purpose of this paper I fell it is important to look at the definition of HRD. HRD has a varied definition and has been discussed by both theorists and practitioners for some time, as a result there are many different interpretations of what it means or is. Perhaps a good definition is that HRD seeksRead MoreThe Ideal Company to Work for2353 Words   |  10 PagesTable of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Green Grown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 Business Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 HR Strategies and Policies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Corporate Strategy..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 My Ideal Workplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Introduction Wouldn’t it be nice to be able to design your idealRead MoreHRMT Chapter 1 notes3179 Words   |  13 Pagesaffected by business practices) ââ€" ¦ (1) Stockholders = want return on investment (2) customers = want a high-quality product or service (3) employees = desire interesting work and reasonable compensation (4) community = want company to contribute to activities and projects, and minimize pollution of environment †¢ Human Resource Management (HRM) = policies, practices and systems that influence employees behaviour, attitudes, and performance ââ€" ¦ Refer to Figure 1.1 ââ€" ¦ Practices of HRM include:Read More5BIC 4125 Words   |  17 Pagesto explain the role of HR and the link to business management across the different organizational sectors, including an explorative approach to the context of contemporary business, equality and diversity, environmental, technical and governmental developments and its impact on modern business initiatives. Furthermore this paper will examine how these initiatives differ according to sectors in relation business profit, methods of analyzing performance and the influence of HR policies in managing andRead MoreBusiness Planning And Talent Management1924 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 1 (Trends in Workforce Planning and Talent Management) Social Media in Workforce Planning The forms and procedures of recruiting have changed drastically in the United States over the years. One of the newer ways potential employers are recruiting is through social media. In a 2015 survey conducted by Society for Human Resource Management, 84 percent of organizations are using some type of social media for recruiting (Maurer, 2016). The study also found that organizations are looking

What is the Gospel Free Essays

The gospel means â€Å"good news†. But good news of what? The key Old Testament word with reference to the gospel is the verb â€Å"basar† which generally means â€Å"proclaiming good news†. The good news may be news of the death of an enemy or the birth of a son. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Gospel? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the New Testament words with reference to the gospel denote â€Å"good tidings† or technically it is a term for â€Å"news of victory†. Most people understood the gospel as about giving hope and salvation to sinful sinners through the work of grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. This paper will discuss the content of the gospel, the fallacies in the presentation of the gospel and the fallacies in stating the content of the gospel. II. The Gospel The message of the gospel is the heart of the ministry of the Lord Jesus Christ and of His church. Jesus is not only the author and messenger of the gospel but that in fact, He is the subject of it. Paul, after Christ ascension to heaven aggressively preached the gospel. Although Paul does not provide a single complete detailed statement of the tenets of the gospel, nevertheless there are many New Testament passages that when put together indicate what it includes. In Romans 1:3-4 he speaks of the gospel â€Å"concerning God’s Son who was descended from David and resurrected from the dead†. In I Corinthians 15, Paul stated that he delivered a message â€Å"that Christ died for our sins†¦that he was buried and raised on the third day. † Other New Testament passages clearly indicates that Paul viewed the gospel as centering upon Jesus Christ and what God has done through Him that resulted in the salvation of man. To summarize, the essential elements of the gospel are the divine Sonship of Jesus Christ, his humanity, his death in the cross for man’s sins, his burial, resurrection and future coming. II. Fallacies in the Presentation of the Gospel A. The Fallacy that the Gospel primarily concerns Other than sin The good news or the gospel concerns itself with the solution of man’s basic problem: sin. However, a person may not sense that he needed this good news unless he is aware of the presence of sin in his own life. More often than not, he only feels the lack of peace or joy in his life or the overwhelming problems that confronted him, which are symptoms of his condition of being alienated from God as a result of sin. Unfortunately, some presentations of the gospel may focus on these three areas. But man does not need the gospel just so he can be happy or have peace or find solutions to his problems, he needed it in order to be forgiven of his sin. B. The Fallacy That There Are Different Gospels for Different Age-Groups It is wrong to advocate to the idea that the gospel is not the same for all people. That is, there is a separate gospel for the children, young people, adults, unchurched people or those who go to church. The truth is, there is only one gospel for all, though its ways of explaining may not be the same for all age groups, nevertheless the content should be the same. C. The Fallacy that the Truth is in Other than the Word of God Obviously, this means that truth can be found not only in the word of God. Experience, archeology or fulfilled prophecy may be pointed out as other sources of truth. However, though these three may be a valuable source of denying or confirming truth, it does not create infallible truth. Only the word of God provides absolute truth and all reasoning should be based on it. D. The Fallacy that cleverness will convict In presenting the gospel others may falsely rely on one’s own cleverness of presentation in order to convict a person regarding the truth of the gospel. However, well prepared and well presented gospel presentation does not guarantee salvation or understanding of truth for the Bible clearly states that conviction is the work of the Holy Spirit. It is only the Holy Spirit who can bring successful conviction to acknowledge the truth whether or not a man chooses to believe it. E. The Fallacy that charm will assure results The Bible clearly warned that as bearers of good news, a person should see to it that he does not offend anyone with regards to his manner of dressing, speech or culture especially in view of the fact that the message of the gospel in itself is already an offense or stumbling block for most people ( Gal. :11). But even if man takes this warning to heart, his charming disposition still does not guarantee that the gospel will be accepted. F. The Fallacy that Procedures produce Conversions There is no argument that procedures do produce results such as the hypnotizing effect of music, the intoxicating effect of setting and the moving effect of stories. However, these results cannot be appropriately equated to resulting to conversions. What is important in the presentation of the gospel message is that whether the people were given words that they can believe in and not only to give them something to do. III. Fallacies in Stating the Content of the Gospel A. The Fallacy of adding baptism Some may wrongfully think that in order to be saved one should be baptized. However, baptism is not part of the gospel for if it is then work is added to the gospel of grace. The beliefs that baptism is required for salvation are usually taken from the following verses: . Mark 16:16. Bible Scholars debated on the original ending of the gospel of Mark so in this basis it is unwise to make verses 9-20 as an absolute guideline. But just in case these verses are originally part of the gospel of Mark, it is more safer to assume that Christ may have referred here to the baptism of the Spirit for it is most likely that these words were spoken at the same time that He was talking in Acts 1:5 about the baptizing ministry of the Holy Spirit. 2. Acts 2:38. Baptism regenerationists hold on to the belief that this verse means that both repentance and baptism leads to salvation. However, it must be understood that in Bible times the act of baptism is a public sign of one’ sincere conversion may it be to Judaism, Christianity or other sects. Therefore, this verse clearly shows that Peter told the people to repent and to follow the tradition of baptism as a proof of one’s sincerity of conversion, so that no one will doubt it. On the other hand, this verse can be also interpreted to mean that baptism follows as a result of the forgiveness of sin and not in order to be forgiven of sin. 3. Acts 22:16. This verse may be analyzed by connecting a particular participle to its imperative like the participle (a) â€Å"arise† (which is a participle, arising) with (b) â€Å"be baptized† (an imperative); and (c) â€Å"wash away your sin† (imperative) with (d) â€Å"calling on the name of the Lord† (participle). To make baptism a requirement of salvation, it would require connecting (b) and (c) which could then be read as â€Å"be baptized and wash away your sins†. But this is not to be so, for as shown, both imperatives are in fact connected to each of their own participle, therefore, it means â€Å"to arise from baptism† and to â€Å"call upon the name of the Lord to wash away your sins†. Calling on the name of the Lord would then necessitate forgiveness of sin and not baptism. B. The Fallacy of misunderstanding Repentance In Christianity, to acquire salvation means to repent. Repentance means one should not only be sorrowful about specific sins being committed and stop doing it ( as most understood about repentance ) but it must involve a change of mind about Jesus Christ and trust (have faith ) and acknowledge Him as savior. C. The Fallacy of making surrender of life a part of the gospel Many Bible scholars argue that in order to be saved one should surrender one’s life or make a commitment to the Lordship of Christ. Arthur Pink further stressed that it is a lie of the devil to think that one is saved unless he makes Christ Lord of his life. However, the Bible provided many examples of person who were saved but do not show any commitment such as Lot and the believers of Ephesus. Lot was declared in the new testament as a righteous man even though his life does not show as such. The believers in Ephesus were still regarded as born again even though it took them two years after accepting Christ to burn their magic arts and forsake their superstitious practices. The Lordship problem lies in the failure to â€Å"distinguish salvation from discipleship and makes requirement for discipleship prerequisites for salvation†. Christ in his discourse with the Samaritan woman does not ask her to put her sinful life in order for her to be saved nor does He lecture on her the changes that is expected of her in case she believed but that He simply inform her that she needed to know who He is and ask for His gift of eternal life. It may look so easy to be saved just by believing, but in a much closer introspection , it is not so, for it is hard to believe in someone that is only known through the Bible much more stake one’s own eternal destiny based on that knowledge. II. Conclusion A. The gospel is the good news of man’s forgiveness from sins through faith in the complete work of grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. It is therefore of necessity that man hear and understand this message. However, as with other works of man, the presentation of the gospel and stating its content may be flawed with fallacies. In the fallacy of presentation, it includes the fallacy that the Gospel primarily concerns other than sin, the fallacy that there are different gospels for different Age-Groups ,the fallacy that the Truth is in Other than the Word of God ,the fallacy that cleverness will convict ,the fallacy that charm will assure results, the fallacy that procedures produce conversions. In the fallacy of stating its content, it includes the fallacy of adding baptism, the fallacy of misunderstanding repentance, the fallacy of making surrender of life a part of the gospel. How to cite What is the Gospel?, Papers

The strategies that were employed by Spain to revive its economy

There are a number of strategies that were applied by Spain to revive its economy. A number of literatures provide these strategies.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The strategies that were employed by Spain to revive its economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The integration of Spain into world economy is one of the key strategies that made its economy grow. Similarly, the development of standardized exchange rates systems resulted in the economic growth of the country in 1950’s. The preferential agreement that was made by Spain with European Economic Community in 1970’s also contributed to its economic growth (Aguado 6). From the year 1977 up to 1980, political equality in Spain contributed to its economic growth. Similarly, since 1986 until now, the country has gained entry into the European Economic Community. This made it to adopt the Euro. Spain has got a number of economic benefits fro m adopting the Euro. The advantages include minimized chances of depreciation of currency, as well as having inflation and interest rates consistent with other nations among several other benefits (Aguado 5). Similarly, Spanish firms now compete internationally with companies operating in other European nations. A number of Spanish firms like telecommunications providers and banks are some of the largest firms globally. All of them have economic benefits to the country. The international image of Spain as well as its foreign policy has also contributed enormously to its economic growth. Similarly, the increment in the number of multinational firms made the economy of Spain grow (Aguado 4). Little farm production and war made Spain be a poor nation during the 1950’s. The economy, however, improved after the United States military bases were established within the country in the year 1953.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economy improved due to the fact that there was improved domestic production as well as the arrival of tourists. The incorporation of Spain into the UN in the year 1955 made the country to attract investors from other countries thereby reviving the economy of the nation. Royo also explored the strategies that were employed by Spain so as to revive its economy. He stated that economic growth was attained by the country by means of buying private and government enterprises, as well as financial investments in several economic sectors. He stated that telecommunication and the banking sectors of the nation led to its economic growth. He also stated that Spanish politics influenced its economic globalization (25). Globalization as well as the opening of the markets of Spain contributed to its economic growth. Similarly, the privatization of the enterprises which were owned by the government as well as the reforms that were mad e in Spain’s labor markets resulted into its economic growth. These factors contributed to several benefits such as unemployment rates reduction, lower rates of interest rates and low prices of goods and services. The reforms that were made in the sector of electricity also steered the country to attain economic growth. Economic globalization is the major factor that resulted into the growth of Spain’s economy (Royo 24). Spain’s organizations also played key roles in reviving its economic growth. Similarly, Spanish banks revived the economy of the nation. For instance, they developed strategies that countered disagreements among interdependence within the economy as well as the state’s affairs. Conclusion In conclusion, there are numerous strategies that were employed by Spain to revive its economy since 1950’s.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The strategies that were employed by Spain to revive its economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such strategies include the development of standardized exchange rates systems, gaining entry into the European Economic Community, adoption of the Euro, competition of Spanish firms with other multinational firms, increment in the number of multinational firms in Spain, the establishment of United States military base in the country, government’s purchase of several private entities, financial investments in numerous sectors, as well as globalization. All these strategies made the economy of Spain to grow. Works Cited Aguado, Saturnino. â€Å"Spain in the Globalization Process.† 2001: 4-7. Web. Royo, Sebastian. Still Two Models of Capitalism? Economic Adjustment in Spain. (2011):20-34. Web. This case study on The strategies that were employed by Spain to revive its economy was written and submitted by user Galilea B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Secrets about my past Essays - Nana, The Locket, Free Essays

Secrets about my past Essays - Nana, The Locket, Free Essays Secrets about my past Dark shadows ran past me as the icy cold wind made me shiver, where am I, I wondered I was in an empty space, an empty space full of nothing. I started to run as if the police was chasing me what was I scared of? I dont need to run I can just stay here and wait, but I didnt stop running until a hand grabbed me then- and thats when I got up from my dream. Im starting to have nightmares every night ever since last week Thursday. The day I found a gold locket. Today is Wednesday I have library the best time to escape and relax from Nate. Nate is my closet friend hes sometimes funny and helpful but he is also annoying! I grabbed a book from the H section called History about a princess this is where I found the locket in the very first few pages I thought the locket was someone elses so I tried to give it in to the counter but a strange strong feeling started to grow inside me I tried to ignore it. I walked closer to the counter, but next minute before I knew I was walking out of the library picking my bag up and popping the locket in to my school skirt pocket and without thinking I started to run, without looking back. Its lunchtime so I walked to the girls bathroom I re-do my hair and straighten my uniform and opened my skirt pocket to get my lip gloss, but instead I got the locket out and again the strange feeling started to grow inside me again. I stared at the locket and finally noticed you can open this locket, a small little pick dot was on the locket, no wonder I am so stupid. I tried to open the locket but it wouldnt open why isnt this stupid locket opening? I grumbled. After a few tries I gave up when suddenly my mind went blank and a dark strange voice started to tell me to go to the library. I walked to the library and grabbed the book where I got the locket from and I started to read then my mind came back I found myself reading, what the-? How did I come here? I sigh deeply and was about to close the book when I stopped and saw the word LUCIA, I opened the book properly and started to read since it had my name. But after a few minutes I was so shocked about what I was reading in 1864 a young girl called LUCIA CHLOE SAZCHA? Thats exactly same as my full name and at the age of 16 in 1880 she died I continued to read, the place of birth, date of birth and family names were so identical with me, all this information this girl had was same as me shes like my long lost twin sister! Except I dont have a twin sister. A white mini envelope was on the page too and in tiny gold letters it read a picture of Princess Lucia Chloe sazcha a picture... wait a princess This girl was a princess? This was getting way too weird. I was getting more curious how this girl could look like, I opened the envelope with trembling fingers, I was nervous for no reason. I pulled out the picture and stared at it for quite a long time then I grabbed my mini sparkle mirror from my bag and stared at myself from the mirror to the picture I dropped my mirror and the picture on the library floor I was so confused what was happening inside me, suddenly I felt sick all I wanted to do is go home, I told the office lady I felt sick so if I can go home and later my nana came. I lie down on my bed when my nana came in and gave me hot vanilla flavored tea. I was dying to know the truth about the other Lucia. I had tons of questions in my mind so I decided to tell my nana nana? Yes dear do you need anything? No Im fine ok, then Ill go

Biography of Fernand Leger, Forerunner of Pop Art

Biography of Fernand Leger, Forerunner of Pop Art Fernand Legà ©r, born Joseph Fernand Henri Là ©ger (February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955), was a French artist, specializing in paintings, sculpture, and film. His innovative variants on cubism and figurative art led to him being regarded as a forerunner of the pop art movement. Fast Facts: Fernand Là ©ger Full Name: Joseph  Fernand  Henri  Là ©gerOccupation: Painter, sculptor, filmmakerBorn: February 4, 1881 in  Argentan, FranceDied: August 17, 1955 in  Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceSpouses: Jeanne-Augustine Lohy (m. 1919-1950), Nadia Khodossevitch  (m. 1952-1955)Key Accomplishments: Influenced by the industrial age and the two world wars, Fernand Leger developed a unique artistic outlook that preceded the developments and concerns of Pop Art. Early Life Fernand Legà ©r was born in Argentan, in the Normandy (then Lower Normandy) region of France. His father was a cattle farmer. Little is known about his early life until he began his schooling and professional career. Initially, Legà ©r did not train in the arts. At the age of sixteen, he began training as an architect. He finished his formal architectural training in 1899, and the following year, he moved to Paris. For about a year or two, he worked as an architectural draftsman, but in 1902, he shifted into the military. Legà ©r spent 1902 and 1903 in military service, based out of the city of Versailles. French expatriate artist Fernand Leger standing in front of his completed murals. John Gutmann / Getty Images After his military service ended, Legà ©r attempted to get more formal art training. He applied to the École des Beaux-Arts but was rejected. Instead, he enrolled at the School of Decorative Arts. Ultimately, he attended the École des Beaux-Arts in a non-enrolled capacity for three years while also studying at the Acadà ©mie Julian. It was not until the age of 25 that Legà ©r began working as an artist in earnest. In those early days, his work was in the mold of the impressionists; later in his life, he destroyed many of these early paintings. Developing His Art In 1909, Legà ©r moved to Montparnasse, an area of Paris known for being home to a wide array of creative artists, many of whom lived in poverty in order to pursue their art. While there, he met several other artists of the era. In 1910, he had his first exhibition, with his art displayed at the Salon dAutomne in the same room as that of Jean Metzinger and Henri Le Fauconnie. His most important painting at the time was Nudes in the Forest, which displayed his particular variation on cubism, dubbed â€Å"tubism† by art critic Louis Vauxcelles for its emphasis on cylindrical shapes. Sothebys employees pose for photographers with Fernand Legers Cubist masterpiece Etude pour La Femme Bleu, on April 21, 2008 in London, England. Cate Gillon / Getty Images Cubism was a relatively new movement at the time, and in 1911, Legà ©r was part of a group that displayed the development to the general public for the first time. The Salon des Indà ©pendants displayed together the work by painters identified as cubists: Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, Robert Delaunay, and Fernand Là ©ger. In 1912, Legà ©r again exhibited work with the Indà ©pendants and was part of a group of artists dubbed the â€Å"Section d’Or†- the â€Å"Gold Section.† His works of this era mostly were in palettes of primary colors or green, black, and white. After the Great War Like many of his countrymen, Fernand Legà ©r served in World War I, then called the â€Å"Great War.† In 1914, he joined the army, and he spent the next two years serving at the Argonne. Although he was far from the studios and salons of Paris, he continued to make art. During his service, Legà ©r sketched the instruments of war that he was surrounded by, along with some of his fellow soldiers. He nearly died from a mustard gas attack in 1916, and during his recovery, he painted The Card Players, full of frightening, mechanized figures that reflected his horror of what he had seen in the war. His experiences in the war, which was the first massive war of the industrialized era, significantly influenced the next several years of his work. Referred to as his â€Å"mechanical† period, his work from the postwar years through the 1920s featured sleek, mechanical-looking shapes. As the world attempted to return to normalcy following the war, Legà ©r made similar attempts, returning to â€Å"normal† subject matter: mothers and children, landscapes, female figure drawings, etc. However, his works continued to have that mechanical, orderly look to them. Fernand Legers Builders with Aloe, is seen at the Post-War European Art Exhibition at Pushkin Museum, in Moscow, Russia, March 6, 2017.   Mikhail Svetlov / Getty Images It was during this time that Legà ©r also got married. In December 1919, he wed Jeanne-Augustine Lohy. The couple did not have any children over the course of their three-decade marriage. In many ways, his work fell under the umbrella of purism, an answer to cubism that focused on mathematical proportions and rationality, rather than intense emotions and impulses. Legà ©r also was fascinated by the dawn of filmmaking, and for a time, he even considered abandoning his visual art to pursue cinema. In 1924, he produced and directed the film Ballet Mà ©canique, a Dadaist art film consisting of images of women’s facial features, everyday activities, and ordinary objects. He also experimented with murals, which became the most abstract of his paintings. Later Career By the end of the 1920s, Fernand Legà ©r’s work had begun to evolve. Instead of sleek, cylindrical forms that evoked the machinery of industry and war alike, more organic influences- and irregular, lively shapes- took center stage. His figures took on more color and even some humor and playfulness. He began teaching more, starting a free school in 1924 along with Alexandra Exter and Marie Laurencin. Painter Fernand Leger sits among his works in his Left Bank studio in 1948, following a trip to New York.   Bettmann  /  Contributor In the 1930s, Legà ©r made his first trips to the United States, traveling to the major hubs of New York City and Chicago. His artwork was displayed for the first time in America in 1935 with an exhibition at New York’s Museum of Modern Art. A few years later, he was commissioned by American politician Nelson Rockefeller to decorate his personal apartment. During World War II, Legà ©r lived and worked in America, teaching at Yale University. His work from this era often juxtaposed organic or natural elements with industrial or mechanical imagery. He also found new inspiration for brightly colored paintings in the neon lights of New York, resulting in paintings that included bright stripes of color and starkly outlined figures. Legà ©r returned to France in 1945, after the war ended. There, he joined the Communist Party, although he was more of a humanist with socialist beliefs rather than a fervent, devoted Marxist. During this time, his paintings took a turn to depict more scenes of everyday life featuring the â€Å"common folk.† His work also became less abstract, emphasizing his stronger focus on ordinary people rather than the avant-garde world. French painter Fernand Leger straddeling a chair in front of an incomplete painting, holding paintbrushes, wearing a flannel plaid shirt and a striped tie, Venice 1950. Archivio Cameraphoto Epoche / Getty Images In 1950, his wife Jeanne-Augustine died, and he remarried in 1952 to French artist Nadia Khodassevitch. Legà ©r spent the next few years teaching in Switzerland and working on a variety of projects including stained glass windows, sculptures, mosaics, paintings, and even set and costume design. His final, unfinished project was a mosaic for the So Paulo Opera. Fernand Legà ©r died on August 17, 1955 at his home in France. As the first artist to focus on the industrial and machine age, creating images that reflected modern consumer society, he is considered a forerunner of pop art. Sources Buck, Robert T. et al.  Fernand Là ©ger. New York: Abbeville Publishers, 1982.â€Å"Fernand Là ©ger.† Guggenheim, https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/fernand-leger.Nà ©ret, Gilles. F. Là ©ger. New York: BDD Illustrated Books, 1993.

Marketing planning consultancy report for NLV Solutions Limited Essay

Marketing planning consultancy report for NLV Solutions Limited - Essay Example To launch the new integrated marketing communications campaign, designed to create brand recall in markets with little knowledge of the brand, considerable preliminary market research will need to be conducted to gain perspectives on consumer attitudes and lifestyles that will translate into an innovative procurement model with product emphasis. The logo utilised to make Vend-O-Matic stand out is based on retro-style signage common during the boom in automats in the 1960s to inspire nostalgic-based consumption behaviours. It is estimated that Vend-O-Matic will achieve a 40 percent increase in sales through this brand-building campaign, justified under premiumisation models in pricing and promotion and through establishment of more cooperative partnerships with many supply chain partners. This will be accomplished by devoting more capital and labour into the promotional function and ensuring innovation in product procurement. NLV Solutions: The Vend-O-Matic Brand 1.0 Situation analysi s Vend-O-Matic is an established brand serving the United Kingdom since the 1960s. Despite this longevity in the automatic vending market, NLV Solutions has been slow to respond to market changes in a sales environment that is strongly driven by consumer attitude and psycho-social characteristics. The methodology by which the company provides talent management through family-based channels is ineffective for response to changing market conditions that continues to erode profitability for this brand. The generic market needs are for top-quality, innovative vending machines, establishment of competitive pricing structures for price-sensitive buyers, and expression of total product convenience to gain target market interest. 1.1 Market summary NLV Solutions has captured quality information about the market and consumer characteristics that will drive success in this repositioning of the Vend-O-Matic brand. This information will be leveraged throughout the entire business model to under stand, specifically, which markets are being served, their tangible and emotional needs, and the most effective methodology to communicate with these markets. 1.2 Target market analysis The dominant market profile in this industry is the 16 to 34-year-old market. The secondary market is the consumer over the age of 55 that contributes profitability through hot beverage vending consumption. 1.3 Mission statement Vend-O-Matic aims to become the most recognisable and innovative vending brands in the UK. Through the establishment of close connections with buyers and renewed focus on customer relationship development, Vend-O-Matic seeks to become a market leader in quality, innovation and responsible product procurement. 1.4 Internal competency analysis Inflexibility under the current family-based management and governance structure is inefficient for achieving market and profit goals. Current management focuses too heavily on the tangibles of service and product and do not focus on the critical dimensions of intangibles required to establish a recognised brand. Consumers are largely risk averse and, to avoid uncertainty, will look for signs and evidence of quality, inferring these perceptions from communications, equipment, pricing, and symbols (Kotler and Keller 2007). Rather than focusing on radical management practices, leadership should be focusing on establishment of a recognised brand in key target markets that requires promotion of

Tay-sachs disease Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tay-sachs disease - Case Study Example The type of information that the Trosacks would get from each member would definitely be markedly different. For example, the nurse would probably be available in a capacity that was strictly in order to help Mrs. Trosack learn more about her pregnancy and the practical issues that might arise with the responsibilities she were to accept the challenge to be a mother to a Tay-Sachs child. In terms of the geneticist, the geneticist would be able to logically explain why their unborn child has Tay-Sachs, not to mention how he or she would genetically break down the facts in order to help explain to the couple about how the recessive gene on the paternal side needs to be available for both parents to be carriers. The doctor would probably talk about the main effects of the illness on the child and what kind of treatment would be needed. The chaplain would be available for moral support. 2. Teaching Plan For the Trosacks’ Initial a. Genetic Diagnosis The diagnosis of Tay-Sachs is, fortunately, one clear-cut fact. According to NINDS Tay-Sachs Disease Information Page (2011), â€Å"Patients and carriers of Tay-Sachs disease can be identified by a simple blood test that measures beta-hexosaminidase A activity. Both parents must carry the mutated gene in order to have an affected child. [Given these circumstances, usually] there is a 25 percent chance†¦that [their] child will be affected with Tay-Sachs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pgh. 2). b. Treatment The treatment of Tay-Sachs is probably going to be aggressive in nature.

Cross Cultural Influences on Decision Making

Cross Cultural Influences on Decision Making Introduction This chapter introduces the reader to the broader context of the research area with an overview of decision making in cross cultural MA. The purpose is followed by the problem area and research question which will lead the readers through the thesis. Background Decision making is a process that managers face of diverging to explore the probable options and then converging on solutions. As Pratt points out, there is clearly a distinction between what an individual thinks(personality)and the way an individual thinks(cognitive style) (1980). The process is made even more complex when the companies are dealing in decision making in an arena of Merger and Acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) have become the dominant mode of growth for firms seeking competitive advantage in an increasingly complex and global business economy(Adler, 1997).Cross-border merger and acquisition has continued to increase at a torrid pace during the last decade and half, to the point that it has become a major strategic tool for growth of multinational cormporations(Cartwright and Cooper,1993). Therefore it is essential for companies to pay attention to the analysis, strategy and planning behind its decision making. The management extent becomes much vast when it comes to different cultures both on the national and even greater on cross border level. The manager chances of successfully dealing with the rapid changes reduces to an extent. Multinational corporations require to hold a varied set of routines if they are to be renouned in a diverse world. Routines and repertotoires are often dependent on the multinational corporations unique institutional and cultural environment, and are therefore not imitated easily by other firms (Barney,1986). As multinational companies increasingly acquire targets in more culturally distant countries, they face new challenges in manageing their external environment (Moren,1980). Along side these encounters it is also important to understand the relation between national cultural distance and cross-border MA performance while devising strategic decisions. The difficulties in MAs are seen due to the lack of strategic decisions makingmade by organization. Managers end up having unrealistic expectations of probable synergies and fail to cope with multiple complexities. Companies now a days publish their cultural norms and values which might not be the real culture of the organization. Anthropoligists have researched that the undertaking of knowledge about a particular organisation culture does not always begin by inquiring the members themselves to identify the particular trait. In reality the cultural norms are recognised by understanding the profundity of cultural influences that are carried out in an interval within an organization. This necessitates to have an insightful long term observation and the foundation of norms,disciplines and new problem solving strategies. The decision-making paradigms have seen to occur in many fields, including management theory, psychology, information systems, management science, and operations research. It is also a fundamental activity of all management, and research and literature concerning decision-making processes.(Stewart, 2003) Problem Companies are equipped to make better decisions if they are more sensitive to cultural differences in a cross-cultural environment. Effective decision-making can enable smootherwork place relationship within and across the border MA, if managers are attuned to cross-culture management. Contextually how do organizations make decisions in a cross-cultural aquisiton is a critical research question in the study of administrative process. Researchers have paid little attention to complexities of decision making, in cross-cultural MAs. Previous research is more concentrated on routine operational decisions that are more available to quantitative analysis and particular descriptions.(Mintzberg, 1999) Additionally other important research questions, especially related to thinking or cognition are prevailing in the dynamic research of decision making, such as; how individuals get benefit from cultural diversity learning, and how do individuals think (Mitchell et al., 2002) and make different decisions. These emerging notions defined our research questions of this thesis. Consequently, we have formulated our research problem in the following questions: 1. What are the cross-cultural difficulties affecting decision-making in the aquired firm? 2. How does these cross-cultural difficulties influence the decision-making of acquired firm? Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to study the influence of cross-cultural implications of MAs on Decsion-Making. Delimitations The study is only concerned with the decision-making process in a cross-cultural acquisition and there is a less emphasis is on the cognitive factors of decision-making but the influence of cross-cultural implications on decision-making behavior in general. Due to time constraint, one case company is used for this analysis consequently the results limit to this Company A only. Moreover, the Company A has agreed to co-operate with an anonymous status of itself and its employees. This also set boundaries to the scope of our analysis and presentation. Further, this research has been conducted on a local Swedish company acquired by an Austiran firm, so analysis and conclusions will be restricted to information obtained locally. As a result, the analysis of Austrian work behavior is also subjective from Swedish employees perspective. Definitions To better understand the research, definitions are presented below to avoid misinterpretation of key concepts used in our study. Decision-making Cross-cultural Company A- It is a company based in Sweden. But has agreed to participate in our research on complete anonymity of itself and its participants and therefore will be refered to as Company A throughout the paper. Its formerly a Swedish organization which was acquired by an Austrian company in year 2000. (More information on Company A and its relevance to our study is mentioned in the Method) 1.6 Disposition The disposition of this thesis will be as follows: This chapter critiques the study and makes suggestions for future research. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis this section answers the research questions. This chapter covers analysis of the empirical findings in connection with theory and results. This chapter present result from the qualitative interviews conducted in Company A. This chapter presents theories within the field of decision-making and cross-cultural acquisitions. This discusses the procedure of collecting data and interviews as our instrument. Reliability, validity and generalizability of the study are also discussed here. Frame of Reference The section will present the previous research and studies in the areas of decision making and Mergers and Acquisitions integration. Further in reference to existent literature this section will discuss the decision making process in MAs. A brief summary of the whole frame of reference is presented at the end of the section in order to make a link with our research questions and to provide a base and guidance for the creation of themes for our empirical data. Frame of Reference Recently, a considerable amount of management research has been developed that focuses on the cultural perspective of international acquisition performance. (Arikan,2004; Rottig and Reu,2005) Researchers argue that a lack of national cultural fit may lead to cultural clashes between the involved workforces (Larsson and Risberg,1998). This may lower employee commitment and cooperation (Cartwright and Cooper,1996), and complicate the post-acquisition integration process (Very and Schweiger,2001) Some studies exposed a negative impact of cultural distance on the performance of international acquisitions (Datta and Puia, 1995, Olie, 1994, Uhlenbruck, 2004), while others identified a positive relationship (Doukas and Travlos, 1988, Morosini, Shane and Singh, 1998). Still other studies indicate that cultural distance either has no direct effect on international acquisition performance (Markides and Ittner, 1994) or is one of the least significant variables affecting performance (Kanter and Corn, 1994). These contradicting views developed the interest in the knowing how much of the cultural differences involved in the decision making in MA. This paper provides a descriptive framework that addresses the complexity of the decision making process of consequences of culture for international acquisition performance. Decsion-making Cross-cultural MAs Methodology A way of gathering knowledge about the social world is the methodology notion refered to by Stauss and Corbin (1998). The specific research methodology we are inspired by for this research is the grounded theory which is consummated by qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. To study the implications that emerge out of a cross-cultural acquisition and its influence on decision making process, we want to take advantage of the theoretical fundamentals and researches that have already been done in the realm of decision-making and cross-cultural acquisition implications. We also want to take that knowledge further through this chosen method by taking into account the case of Company A which was acquired by an Austian firm and has realized decision-making differences between the two units after the cross border Acquisition . 3.2 Research Method Determining the why and how of decision-making in a cross cultural contxt of an acquired frm can be done by finding the first-hand experiences of employees in Company A. To serve the purpose of our study we chose interviews as the primary source of data collection. We felt that person-to-person interaction with semi structured questions will be best in acquiring information. Moreover, considering the characteristcs of our investigation and that all the employees could be reached within a close proximity and in a single premise, the interview schedule was chosen instead of a questionnaire. Since culture can be a sensitive topic and the interviewees could be reluctant in answering, we ensured anonymity at the start of the interview process to make them comfortable as also stated by Kumar, Ranjit (1996). Through primary data we know the reasons behind a certain management decision. Most appropriate way of learning about opinions and behavior that are relative to culture is by asking que stions directly to people involved. (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2010) Information on the Austrian acquisition of a Swedish firm, as Ghauri and Gronhaug also states can only be gathered by asking people who have been involved or have observed the process i.e. of acquisition. Research problems which are focused on uncovering a persons experience or behavior and understand a phenomenon which we know little about are an example of qualitative research(Ghauri, 2004; Marshan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004). Such is the nature of our decision-making and cross-cultural research which includes social and behavioral sciences. The Choice of Research Method The approach is to use use a qualitative research methodolgy of investigation, data collection and analysis. Decision-making is not a fixed and static state to measure and its a cognitive process, besides it is not a steady state phenomenon and changes erratically with time and environment as described by Mintzberg(1997). Quantitative research emphasizes on the quantification of data collection and analysis as argued by Bryman and Bell (2007) and observe social world as an external and objective reality. Holloway (1997) advocated of qualitative research for capturing the way the individuals experience, interpret and make sense of their environment. Bearing this in mind and our focus of discovering and understanding the role of cross-cultural factors in decision-making, we were convinced to use this method. Consequently the choice of our research method, is qualitative and the purpose of the research inquiry is behavioral and therefore interconnected, therefore provides a basis for quantitative analysis. The qualitative study Our approach is purely qualitative. Auerbach (2003) claims that qualitative research involves analyzing and interpreting texts and interviews among others, in order to investigate specific patterns, i.e. examining decision-making amidst cross-cultural challenges in an acquisition. Interviews Interviewing is the most widely utilized method in qualitative approach of investigation, as stated by Bryman and Bell (2007) and this instrument suits appropriately to find answers to our research questions, .i.e. decision-making under the implications of a cross-cultural acquisition. The technique and construction is very important in the formulation of interviews. The interviews can be unstructured, semi-structured or structured (Saunders et al. 2007). As we were more interested in theory of a particular reality Wengraf (2001) instead of the numerical data, we chose to settle on semi-structured interviews. We were very particular in formulating the questions as two cover both aspects of cross-cultural implications and decision-making. On request by the contact person at Company A, we got interview questions reviewed for improvement from our tutor before presenting it to the company. The interview questions were then sent out to the contact person to be distributed to the interviewees in advance. Sampling The choice of subjects that were needed to be investigated for our research questions was crucial. Collins, Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2006) stated that researchers should decide sample size in both quantitative and qualitative studies. In the sample from Company A, we were looking for all the people cooperating with Austrian counterpart and are making some forms of decisions. It was kind of our contact person at the company, after explaining our research necessity, he arranged ten people from mangers to engineers who were in some way cooperating with their cross border counterpart. Considering this we used purposive sampling technique which as mentioned by Maxell(1997) is used in qualitative studies to select e.g., individuals or institutions based on specific purpose. Data Collection The research design directed us on the empirical data. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews using open ended questions. This permitted us to probe relevant issues which emerged during the interview. We aimed at making the data reliable, to ensure this we recorded the interviews upon permission and also took notes to reduce the chance of misinterpretation. In an attempt to motivate the respondents to co-operate with us and obtain factual data with their trust we ensured the anonymity and confidentiality of responses. We skipped a few questions in two interviews due to shortage of time. We completed a total of ten interviews in a session of three days with an allotted time of thirty minutes each. Reliability and Credibility A reliable and credible data is vital for an authentic research. Throughout our study we took measures to ensure this. During the interviews we did not rely on perceptions which affects the accuracy of our observations and used constant probing to have clear answers. We remained unprejudiced and flexible to have reliable working data. Respondents sometimes perceive risks and may believe interviews to be jeopardizing their emotions and privacy as accounted by McCracken (1988). Knowing this, we assured the interviewees about the privacy and academic purpose of interviews. So they were at comfort in providing information conveniently. To avoid potential bias of our preconceived notions and theories we transcribed only what the interviews said, which we stored in the form of recordings and written notes taken at the time of the interview. We calim to have a plausible study, considering all the measures we took responsibly in terms of organizing and conducting the interviews. Qualitative Data Analysis Our analysis was exploratory as asserted by Creswell et al. (2003) with a focus on understanding the influence of cross-cultural difficulties on decision-making by employees in an acquired firm. Like in most of the qualitative analysis we refer to the inductive approach, as claimed by Bryman and Burgess (1994). Raw data was in the form of interview recordings and our notes taken during the interviews. We read the data vigilantly too derive concepts, themes, or a model which is common in qualitative data analyses, especially grounded theory (Strauss Corbin, 1990). In consistency with Strauss and Corbins (1990), our inductive analysis began with an area of study, which was to investigate the influence of cross-cultural factors on decision-making, and let the theory to develop from data. The analysis was organized as follows: Interview description: To begin with, we recorded all the interviews and took notes during the interview. We read the transcripts many times to get familiar with descriptions. Identifying discourses and theme generation: After identifying the accounts from the data, we recognized relevant discourses from the transcribed interviews, and excluded other irrelevant description. Following this we observed the core information and concluded some patterns of behavior/ theme. Later, formed categories with summary of data sets as behavioral, structural and interaction and communication to do a quality analysis and conclusion. Discussion: In this section we explored the meanings explicitly or implicitly included in our empirical findings and looked for links of cross-cultural difficulties and decision-making. We also put forward suggestions of future research in this clause. Empirical Data The Interviewees Total number of ten interviews that conducted, ee found that from technical engineers to line managers including logistics, project and bid manager everyone is cooperating with Austrian counterpart in one way or another after the acquisition. Consequently, employees at different levels of the organization are all involved in some kind of decision-making that accounts for the cross-cultural differences after the acquisition. Following are some themes that we identified that will be of assistance in developing the analysis. Employees organizational behavioural Swedes in an organization generally work in groups and are independent individuals at the same time. They also have a freedom to express views, owing to a less heirarchical system. Mutual agreement, consensus, structure and logical reasoning is very important to them for which they have a lot of meetings and discsussions. This also refers ot the notion of collective decision-making as explained by Melaville, Blank, and Asayesh (1993). Swedes are solution-oriented and are usually calm. The essence of usual Swedes vs. Austrian behavior was narrated by Interviewee 5 as: There is a great difference in the decision-making process. In Sweden everyone should agree and we ask a lot of people of what everyone think. Then we make decision after hearing all the opinions. And its opposite in Austira, you do not ask the employees if you are working as a manager. I think you are seen as a weak leader if you ask people of what they think. Its positive and negative in both ways I think Swedish way is better for working in a team and but in Austira you really make the decision and you come forward. Austrians on the other hand dont have much freedom of expression due to a heirarchical system in the acquired firm view. Another common view observed was that Managers in Austria alone make decisions and value of consensus is less there. Austrains are social and build relationships. A lot more emotion is involed than facts in their reasoning. Moreover, Austrians are problem-oriented and get usually stressed under a problem. This observation can be futher emphasized by few statements of the interviewees. They have a lot more emotions and we like to base our decisions on facts. , Interviewee 2 said. They have much hierarchy. More power distance. There is a very large distance between the manger and the individual member in the group. Interview 4 affirmed. Decision-making process structure The decision-making process depends on the type of decision. If its a higher stake decision, the process is followed through formal procedures of contracts and agreements compared to daily operational level decisions which are simple. In Swedish unit agreement has to be reached through consensus whereas in Austrian unit, managers give a decision which is to be followed. More decision-making authority lies with managers in Austria than Swedish ones who work more as asupport function. Interaction Communication between units Cooperation at the technical or the lower level works well. At the management level cooperation is difficult where decision making takes longer. Some employees expressed that even with electronic facilities available communication across the border is difficult. Employees cooperating for a longer period developed relationships of trust which helps in cooperation amidst the cross-cultutral differences It doesnt work well when we cant sit together and discuss, makes harder to communicate over cross borders even though facilities are provided like skype ,video conferences, but it kills the team spirit as its not the same as for sitting together Interviewee 5 recalled. On a practical point, the interaction between units is informal. But it depends on the type of decision aswell, i.e. starting a project, would follow a formal procedure of interaction. Project mangers have a closer contact compared to the rest. Informal day to day technical decisions are handled on a daily basis. Its is also hard to predict a response to an interaction from across the border, some interviewees responded. Through data it was also understood that is easier to agree on factual information, which all can straightforwardly agree to. Language barrier has seem to affect the agreeability due to misinterpretations sometime. The technical side of the decisions are easier to agree on, compared to the decisions made at management level i.e. commercial issues. This can be analysed from the figure  [1]  below. The tactical decisions have been observed to have most complications whereas operational decisions are easier. decisionmaking_intro.gif Additionally, we comprehended from suggestions put forward by the respondents that, early in the process of post-acquisition integration, communication on the differences in national and company culture can facilitate decision-making. Understanding of adapting to a culture is important. Performace indicators and clarity on who makes which decisions will also assist. Additionally, diversity courses and communication on how to work together has helped in the past and can also facilitate later on. An interesting point observed by an interviewee during a diversity course; One thing I learned from that cultural diversity course is that people is Austria are more problem oriented and here in Sweden we are soultuion oriented and that affects how we are able to communicate and cooperate. Analysis Analysis Unfortunately a lot of merger and acquisitions fail to achieve their hoped objectives. Solutions are of course complex. MA are different along a number of dimensions. Companies fail to realize a blind spot, by keeping their focus mainly on costs, they minimize or defer until too late the human and cultural dimensions of blending two entities into unified growth-oriented business. In any case organization is generally a collection of people sharing a common vision, one or more location and resources such as money, equipment, and similar processes. Still much of the business management persists in believing that the latter is the most important issue, while people are only sort of the less important side of the scenario. The Challenge of Urgent Realization Clearly there is an urgent need to realize, rationalize, restructure and eliminated duplication the first weeks and months of post-merger integration. Nonetheless rationalization only escalates of the new organization making it a greater value to its shareholders. It is one thing to design a new structure and relationship on paper and quite another to bring them to life. No matter how visionary and driven the leaders are the financier, quickly learns that the synergy cannot be generated merely from above or realize and reacting by reducing headcount or vice versa. Synergy requires the commitment and involvement of the entire organizations. That is the most challenging part. Most mergers are seen of confusion, panic, uncertainty, distraction, limitation and dehumanization. The process is painful and the results are costly. When knowledge capital is vanished due to the turnover of key individuals during an MA, when pride in the company and pride in ones work is not appreciated through ill treatment at the hands of merger managers, when innovations are abandoned in favor of outdated practices just because one group is considered the boss and the new one reasoned expendable, the network that make the organization work break down and fall apart. When employees stop caring, they lose interest and motivation in improving the business processes. If they are not asked for their opinions, they have no means or enthusiasm to inform the new system designers the unrevealed secrets of success. When selection processes do not seem to be reasonable and rational, dynamic management does not step into position they take on new challenges elsewhere. These are not the circ umstances which synergistic growth is likely. Fortunately, the situation can be turned around. The MA can become an opportunity for people to learn, grow and have a voice. Shared visioning activities and cross company MA project teams can provide opportunities to meet new people and gain new perspectives and skills. The problem with the acquired organization is that the managers must rearrange strategy, organizational structure, work on staffing of employees, make changes to systems and culture, all on top of the day to day business performances. They feel the pressure to quickly perform and harmonize the decisions by reaching the performance in the changed worked environment. So they do this by restructuring to create economies of scale, streamlining operations, focusing on product and market synergies while eliminating noncore businesses. During the same time they might be looking for the next merger or acquisition opportunity. This does not allow them the time and effort to ensure a synergistic and sustainable basis of people and operations to support the growth. However for continued growth, building a foundation is the key to sustainable success because it defines how the work of creating the new organization will be continued. Regrettably most post MA implementation plans seems to assume that if the financial priorities are comprehensively addressed the human foundation will take care of itself. The synergy created by a successful MA Conclusions Discussion References Auerbach, Carl F. (2003). Qualitative Data : An Introduction to Coding and Analysis; New York, NY, USA: New York University Press. Bryman A., and Bell E. (2007). Business Research Methods Oxford University Press. Denzin, Norman K., and Lincoln, Yvonna S.(2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Kumar, Ranjit (1999). Research Methodolgy: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage publications. Regnà ©r, P., (1999). 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